{"id":1862,"date":"2024-03-20T11:18:43","date_gmt":"2024-03-20T11:18:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.francespiration.com\/?p=1862"},"modified":"2024-03-20T11:19:39","modified_gmt":"2024-03-20T11:19:39","slug":"11-hihetetlen-teny-voltaire-rol","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.francespiration.com\/index.php\/2024\/03\/20\/11-hihetetlen-teny-voltaire-rol\/","title":{"rendered":"11 hihetetlen t\u00e9ny Voltaire-r\u0151l"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Voltaire, a felvil\u00e1gosod\u00e1s kor\u00e1nak kiemelked\u0151 alakja. Nem csup\u00e1n egy neves \u00edr\u00f3 \u00e9s filoz\u00f3fus volt, hanem egy sokoldal\u00fa egy\u00e9nis\u00e9g, akinek \u00e9lete tele volt figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3 r\u00e9szletekkel.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Voltaire mer\u00e9sz szatirikus \u00edr\u00e1saival \u00e9s a polg\u00e1ri szabads\u00e1gjogok melleti heves ki\u00e1ll\u00e1s\u00e1val kit\u00f6r\u00f6lhetetlen nyomot hagyott kora szellemi talaj\u00e1n. A befoly\u00e1sos alakokkal val\u00f3 kapcsolatait\u00f3l ellentmond\u00e1sos munk\u00e1kig a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 t\u00e9nyek r\u00e1vil\u00e1g\u00edtanak karakter\u00e9nek \u00f6sszetetts\u00e9g\u00e9re \u00e9s m\u00e9lys\u00e9g\u00e9re. Fedezz\u00fck fel h\u00e1t egy\u00fctt Voltaire \u00e9let\u00e9nek \u00e9s \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9g\u00e9nek n\u00e9h\u00e1ny legmegd\u00f6bbent\u0151bb vonatkoz\u00e1s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Val\u00f3di neve Fran\u00e7ois-Marie Arouet volt. <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Az 1694. november 21-\u00e9n sz\u00fcletett zseni\u00e1lis elme \u00e1ln\u00e9ven \u00edrt, hogy megv\u00e9dje szem\u00e9lyazonoss\u00e1g\u00e1t, \u00e9s elker\u00fclje provokat\u00edv \u00edr\u00e1sai esetleges k\u00f6vetkezm\u00e9nyeit. A \u201eVoltaire\u201d n\u00e9v az \u201eArovet Li\u201d sz\u00f3b\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 anagramma, amely kell\u0151 titokzatoss\u00e1got adott szem\u00e9ly\u00e9hez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voltaire term\u00e9keny \u00edr\u00f3 volt. <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nemcsak filoz\u00f3fus volt, hanem kiv\u00e1l\u00f3 \u00edr\u00f3 is. K\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 m\u0171fajokban \u00edrt, bele\u00e9rtve a sz\u00edndarabokat, reg\u00e9nyeket, essz\u00e9ket hatalmas mennyis\u00e9g\u0171 munk\u00e1t hagyva maga ut\u00e1n, amely ma is nagy hat\u00e1ssal van az irodalomra. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rendk\u00edv\u00fcl gazdag lett a francia lott\u00f3 hib\u00e1j\u00e1nak kihaszn\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1val. <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1729-ben \u00f6sszefogott Charles Marie de La Condamine matematikussal \u00e9s m\u00e1sokkal, hogy kihaszn\u00e1ljon egy kiskaput a francia nemzeti lott\u00f3 kapcs\u00e1n. A korm\u00e1ny ugyanis minden h\u00f3napban hatalmas nyerem\u00e9nyeket osztott ki, de egy sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1si hiba azt jelentette, hogy a kifizet\u00e9sek nagyobbak voltak, mint az \u00f6sszes forgalomban l\u00e9v\u0151 jegy \u00e9rt\u00e9ke. Ezt szem el\u0151tt tartva Voltaire, a La Condamine \u00e9s m\u00e1s szerencsej\u00e1t\u00e9kosok szindik\u00e1tusa t\u00f6bbbsz\u00f6r hatalmas nyerem\u00e9nyeket halmozott fel. A rendszer k\u00f6vetkezt\u00e9ben Voltaire csaknem f\u00e9lmilli\u00f3 frankkal lett gazdagabb, ami lehet\u0151v\u00e9 tette sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra, hogy kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lag az irodalomnak szentelje \u00e9let\u00e9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A \u201eCandide\u201d a legh\u00edresebb munk\u00e1ja. <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A \u201eCandide\u201d az emberi szenved\u00e9s filoz\u00f3fiai k\u00e9rd\u00e9s\u00e9t t\u00e1rja fel. A nyugati irodalom egyik legnagyobb m\u0171v\u00e9nek tartj\u00e1k, \u00e9s ma is sz\u00e9les k\u00f6rben olvass\u00e1k \u00e9s tanulm\u00e1nyozz\u00e1k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Az \u00e9rtelem \u00e9s a szabads\u00e1gjogok bajnoka volt. <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Voltaire hitt az \u00e9rtelem \u00e9s a racion\u00e1lis gondolkod\u00e1s erej\u00e9ben. Munk\u00e1i gyakran a kritikai gondolkod\u00e1s \u00e9s az intellektu\u00e1lis felvil\u00e1gosod\u00e1s el\u0151mozd\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra t\u00f6rekedtek, elsz\u00e1ntan t\u00f6rekedett a dogm\u00e1k megk\u00e9rd\u0151jelez\u00e9s\u00e9re \u00e9s a t\u00e1rsadalmi fejl\u0151d\u00e9s el\u0151mozd\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra is.Voltaire szellemess\u00e9g\u00e9r\u0151l \u00e9s okos sz\u00f3j\u00e1t\u00e9kair\u00f3l is h\u00edres volt. Harap\u00f3s szarkazmus\u00e1t \u00e9s szatirikus komment\u00e1rjait gyakran haszn\u00e1lta \u00edr\u00e1saiban, hogy leleplezze a t\u00e1rsadalom \u00e9s int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyei k\u00e9pmutat\u00e1s\u00e1t \u00e9s tudatlans\u00e1g\u00e1t. H\u00edres volt a sz\u00f3l\u00e1sszabads\u00e1g \u00e9s a vall\u00e1sszabads\u00e1g melletti ki\u00e1ll\u00e1s\u00e1r\u00f3l is. Az egy\u00e9ni szabads\u00e1gjogokba vetett hite, valamint a vall\u00e1si \u00e9s politikai int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyeket \u00e9rt ny\u00edltan b\u00edr\u00e1lta a felvil\u00e1gosod\u00e1s korszak\u00e1nak kiemelked\u0151 alakj\u00e1v\u00e1 tette.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Viharos kapcsolatban \u00e1llt az egyh\u00e1zzal. <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Voltaire \u00e9let\u00e9ben t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r is \u00f6ssze\u00fctk\u00f6z\u00e9sbe ker\u00fclt a vall\u00e1si hat\u00f3s\u00e1gokkal. Ny\u00edltan b\u00edr\u00e1lta a katolikus egyh\u00e1zat. Ellentmond\u00e1sos n\u00e9zetei \u00e9s \u00edr\u00e1sai miatt m\u0171veit gyakran betiltott\u00e1k, ami Franciaorsz\u00e1gb\u00f3l val\u00f3 sz\u00e1m\u0171z\u00e9s\u00e9hez is vezetett.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6zel egy \u00e9vig raboskodott a Bastille-ban. <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Voltaire \u00e9szj\u00e1r\u00e1sa \u00e9s sz\u00f3kimond\u00f3 kritikus hajlama 1716 m\u00e1jus\u00e1ban keverte el\u0151sz\u00f6r sz\u00f3v\u00e1lt\u00e1sba a hat\u00f3s\u00e1gokkal. Ekkor a francia r\u00e9gens csal\u00e1dj\u00e1t g\u00fanyol\u00f3 versei miatt r\u00f6vid id\u0151re sz\u00e1m\u0171zt\u00e9k P\u00e1rizsb\u00f3l. De mivel k\u00e9ptelen volt arra, hogy ne adjon hangot v\u00e9lem\u00e9ny\u00e9nek. Egy botr\u00e1nyos vers miatt, amiben arra utalt, hogy a r\u00e9gens v\u00e9rfert\u0151z\u0151 kapcsolatban \u00e1llt a l\u00e1ny\u00e1val egy \u00e9vvel k\u00e9s\u0151bb letart\u00f3ztatt\u00e1k \u00e9s a Bastille-ba z\u00e1rt\u00e1k.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"voltaire
Voltaire a Bastille-ban. Fot\u00f3: Look and Learn<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Soha nem h\u00e1zasodott meg \u00e9s nem sz\u00fcletett gyermeke.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Mag\u00e1n\u00e9let\u00e9ben egym\u00e1snak adt\u00e1k a kilincset a szeret\u0151k, a r\u00f6vis \u00e9s hossz\u00fat\u00e1v\u00fa szerelmek. Egyik legh\u00edresebb kapcsolata a 16 \u00e9ven \u00e1t tartott a zseni\u00e1lis \u2013 \u00e9s nagyon h\u00e1zas \u2013 \u00edr\u00f3val \u00e9s tud\u00f3ssal, \u00c9milie du Ch\u00e2telet-vel. K\u00e9s\u0151bb unokah\u00fag\u00e1val, Marie-Louise Mignot-val \u00e9lt egy\u00fctt az 1750-es \u00e9vek elej\u00e9t\u0151l eg\u00e9szen hal\u00e1l\u00e1ig, s\u0151t 1760-ban gyermek\u00fckk\u00e9nt \u00f6r\u00f6kbe fogadtak egy nyomorg\u00f3 fiatal n\u0151t, Marie-Fran\u00e7oise Corneille-t. Voltaire k\u00e9s\u0151bb kifizette Corneille hozom\u00e1ny\u00e1t is, aki gyakran \u201esz\u00fcleik\u00e9nt\u201d emlegette a p\u00e1rt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nom\u00e1d \u00e9letm\u00f3dot folytatott. <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Voltaire sokat utazott \u00e9s t\u00f6bb k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 orsz\u00e1gban \u00e9lt, t\u00f6bbek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt Angli\u00e1ban \u00e9s Poroszorsz\u00e1gban. Utaz\u00e1sai sor\u00e1n megismerte a k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 kult\u00far\u00e1kat \u00e9s eszm\u00e9ket, form\u00e1lt\u00e1k vil\u00e1gk\u00e9p\u00e9t \u00e9s nagy hat\u00e1ssal voltak \u00edr\u00e1saira.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A francia korm\u00e1ny k\u00e9mjek\u00e9nt is befutott.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Voltaire az 1730-as \u00e9vek v\u00e9g\u00e9n \u00e9l\u00e9nk levelez\u00e9st folytatott Nagy Frigyessel, \u00e9s k\u00e9s\u0151bb t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r megl\u00e1togatta a porosz uralkod\u00f3t. Az 1743-as l\u00e1togat\u00e1sok egyike el\u0151tt Voltaire meggondolatlan tervet dolgozott ki, hogy \u00faj poz\u00edci\u00f3j\u00e1t felhaszn\u00e1lva helyrehozza h\u00edrnev\u00e9t a francia udvar el\u0151tt. Szerz\u0151d\u00e9st k\u00f6t\u00f6tt, hogy korm\u00e1nyzati inform\u00e1tork\u00e9nt szolg\u00e1ljon, t\u00f6bb levelet \u00edrt a franci\u00e1knak, \u00e9s bennfenteseket \u00edrt Frigyes k\u00fclpolitik\u00e1j\u00e1r\u00f3l \u00e9s p\u00e9nz\u00fcgyeir\u0151l. Hamarosan azonban Frigyes gyanakodni kezdett \u00e9s terve cs\u0151dbe ment. Mindazon\u00e1ltal k\u00f6zeli bar\u00e1tok maradtak \u2013 egyesek azt is \u00e1ll\u00edtj\u00e1k, hogy szeret\u0151k is voltak. Voltaire 1750-ben Poroszorsz\u00e1gba k\u00f6lt\u00f6z\u00f6tt, hogy \u00e1lland\u00f3 poz\u00edci\u00f3t t\u00f6lts\u00f6n be Frigyes udvar\u00e1ban. Kapcsolatuk v\u00e9g\u00fcl 1752-ben elm\u00e9rgesedett, miut\u00e1n Voltaire kritiz\u00e1lta a Porosz Tudom\u00e1nyos Akad\u00e9mia fej\u00e9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e9g a hal\u00e1la is vit\u00e1kat v\u00e1ltott ki.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Voltaire 1778. m\u00e1jus 30-\u00e1n hunyt el P\u00e1rizsban, alig n\u00e9h\u00e1ny h\u00f3nappal azut\u00e1n, hogy 28 \u00e9v ut\u00e1n el\u0151sz\u00f6r visszat\u00e9rt a v\u00e1rosba, hogy fel\u00fcgyelje egyik darabja elk\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t. \u00c9lete utols\u00f3 napjaiban a katolikus egyh\u00e1z tisztvisel\u0151i t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r is felkerest\u00e9k annak rem\u00e9ny\u00e9ben, hogy r\u00e1vegy\u00e9k v\u00e9lem\u00e9ny\u00e9nek visszavon\u00e1s\u00e1ra \u00e9s a halotti \u00e1gyon tett vallom\u00e1sra. De a nagy \u00edr\u00f3 rend\u00edthetetlen volt. Hivatalosan megtagadt\u00e1k kereszt\u00e9ny temet\u00e9s\u00e9t, de bar\u00e1tainak \u00e9s csal\u00e1dj\u00e1nak siker\u00fclt egy titkos eltemet\u00e9st szervezni\u00fck sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra Champagne r\u00e9gi\u00f3ban. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voltaire k\u00e9ts\u00e9gtelen\u00fcl figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3 alakja volt a t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelemnek, \u00e9s min\u00e9l jobban belem\u00e9lyed\u00fcnk \u00e9let\u00e9be \u00e9s munk\u00e1iba, ann\u00e1l leny\u0171g\u00f6z\u0151bb\u00e9 v\u00e1lik. Voltaire filoz\u00f3fi\u00e1ra, irodalomra \u00e9s t\u00e1rsadalomra gyakorolt \u200b\u200bhat\u00e1s\u00e1t nem lehet t\u00falbecs\u00fclni. \u00cdr\u00e1saival vitatta kor\u00e1nak t\u00e1rsadalmi \u00e9s politikai norm\u00e1it, \u00e9s olyan \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9get hagyott maga ut\u00e1n, amely tov\u00e1bbra is inspir\u00e1lja a gondolkod\u00f3kat \u00e9s tud\u00f3sokat. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Voltaire, a felvil\u00e1gosod\u00e1s kor\u00e1nak kiemelked\u0151 alakja. 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